Syntheses of n-heterocyclic carbenes and intermediates therefor

ABSTRACT

A method of preparing a 2,6 disubstituted anilines includes, reacting a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester with sufficient Grignard reagent R 2 CH 2 MgX to form the corresponding diol product, dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene; and hydrogenating the diol product to form the corresponding aniline. The 2,6 disubstituted anilines can be used to produce N-Heterocyciic Carbenes (NHCs). The NHCs can find application in various fields such as organic synthesis, catalysis and macromolecular chemistry. Palladium catalysts containing the NHCs are also described.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the synthesis of N-heterocycliccarbenes, including the synthesis of 1,3 substituted anilines asintermediates that are prepared via novel diol intermediates.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are considered as an important class ofcompounds which have found application in various fields such as organicsynthesis, catalysis and macromolecular chemistry. In the field ofcatalysis, NHC ligands are often compared with phosphine-based ligandswhich still remain more commonly used. However, unlike their phosphineanalogues, metal-NHC complexes are now recognized for their uniqueproperties and their higher air and moisture stability, particularly inthe case of palladium and ruthenium-NHC catalysis.

The importance of NHC ligands in catalysis is related to theirσ-donating properties as well as their steric hindrance which has strongeffects on both oxidative additions and reductive eliminations inmetal-catalyzed organometallic cross-couplings. Spectacular reactivityhas been attributed to a “flexible steric bulk” in which the ligands canadjust towards incoming substrates, while enabling the stabilization oflow-valent active intermediates.

As an example, the bulky IPr NHC ligand (A, below) reported by Nolan(Ref 1) exhibits excellent properties in catalysis. However the rigidityof the IPr ligand can be envisaged as a significant limitation and thedesign of new NHC ligands possessing flexible bulk appears as a majorchallenge.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect the present invention provides a method ofpreparing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), the method comprising reactingan aniline of general formula I:

wherein each group R² is the same; and is selected from H, methyl,ethyl, n-propyl and

wherein either;

-   -   R³ is H and R⁴ is an alkyl, for example C2 to C10 alkyl or even        C2 to C5 alkyl; or    -   each of R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl, for example        C1 to C10 alkyl or even C1 to C5 alkyl; and    -   each group Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ is independently selected from —H, —I,        —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂;    -   wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from        the group consisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated,        substituted alkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl, substituted        aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl, for example C1 to C10        alkyl or even C2 to C5 alkyl;    -   with glyoxal to form a diimine of general formula II;

cyclising the diimine of structure II, to form an imidazolium salt ofstructure III;

wherein X⁻ is an anion for example halogen, such as chloride, bromide oriodide; and reacting the imidazolium salt of structure III with a baseto form the NHC.

Where groups R³ or R⁴ are alkyl they are typically straight-chain alkyland unsubstituted, but they may be any one or more of branched, cyclic,unsaturated and substituted, as discussed hereafter. Preferably R³ is Hand R⁴ is straight chain saturated unsubstituted alkyl.

The groups Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ may preferably be H. However the properties ofthe NHC may be adjusted by introducing different groups Z into theanilines 1.

Where adjustment of the properties of the NHC by substituent Z isdesired then, for example, the groups Z₁, and Z₃ may preferably andconveniently be H and the Z₂ substituent (i.e. the substituent para tothe aniline —NH₂ function) may be different e.g. one of —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵and —R⁶.

Methyl and methoxy (-Me and —OMe) substituents are typical examples of—R⁶ and —OR⁵ for the groups Z. Other groups Z may include —NMe₂ or —NR⁷₂; wherein R⁷ may be alkyl aryl, or aralkyl, for example C1 to C10 alkylor even C1 to C5 alkyl.

The reaction of anilines of structure I with glyoxal may be carried outusing a glyoxal in water solution, for example a 40% glyoxal in watersolution.

The cyclisation of the diimine II to imadazolium salt of structure Illmay be carried out by using paraformaldehyde as the source of carbon tocomplete the imidazolinium ring structure. For example by reaction ofthe diimine II with paraformaldehyde in a suitable solvent system usinga protic acid or another source of X⁻ such as anhydrous HCl, ortrimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) which provides the source of group X⁻(chloride in these examples). Zinc chloride may be used to assist thereaction with either HCl or TMSCl.

Ether type solvents such as THF and/or dioxane may be employed. Forexample the procedure may be adding a solution of anhydrous HCl indioxane to the diimine II and paraformaldehyde in THF. Other solventsmay be used, for example ethyl acetate (EtOAc) can be used effectivelywhen TMSCl is the chloride source. Elevated temperatures for examplefrom 50° C. to 100° C. may be employed e.g. about 70° C. (say ±5° C.)for a THF/dioxane solvent system is convenient.

The imidazolinium salts of structure III may then be converted toN-heterocyclic carbenes of structure IV:

by use of base to remove HX in the known manner. Typically sodiumhydride (NaH) in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) may beemployed, together with a catalytic amount of potassium t-butoxide(KO^(t)Bu).

The NHCs of formula IV may be described as ITent N-heterocyclic carbenes(Tent stands for “tentacular” where the groups ortho to the nitrogen onthe benzene rings form tentacle like bulky groups). Previously describedexamples are IPr:-(N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)and IPent:-(N,N′-bis[2,6-(dipentan-3-yl)phenyl]imidazol-2-ylidene) NHCs.The abbreviation after the I in the ITent nomenclature refers to thealkyl groups on the benzene rings (Pr denoting isopropyl, Pent denotingpent-3-yl, Hept denoting hept-4-yl, and Non denoting non-5-yl etc). Aconvenient nomenclature for the corresponding imidazolium salts offormula III, where X is chloride, is for example IPr.HCl for theprecursor to IPr.

Typically the NHC will be generated in the presence of a metalcontaining precursor to a desired NHC containing compound. Typically theNHC containing compound is a metal complex, usually for use as acatalyst or a catalyst precursor.

Typical preparations can include the exchange of a ligand on a metalcompound with the NHC. In such cases the ligand can act as the base thatgenerates the NHC.

For example Pd(acac)₂ where acac is the acetonylacetonato ligand, can bereacted with an imidazolium salt of structure III to provide NHCs ofstructure IV above to form complexes of the form Pd(acac)(ITent)Cl. Thereaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, such as an ether, forexample 1,4-dioxane. Typically the reaction is carried out at elevatedtemperature, for example at the boiling temperature of the solvent.

The reaction can be expressed as;

Pd(acac)₂+ITentHCl→[Pd(acac)(ITent)Cl]+acacH

Exemplary complexes include those where ITent is one of, for example,IPent, IHept, INon i.e. the N-heterocyclic carbenes IV corresponding tothe imidazolium salts IIIa, IIIb and IIIc of scheme 2, below. Forfurther example the complexes may include methoxy substituents in thepara position i.e. Z₂ is —OMe and Z₁ and Z₃ are H in NHC ligands ofstructure IV in these complexes. Such complexes may conveniently beexpressed as Pd(acac)(ITent-OMe)Cl where —OMe refers to both Z₂ groupsbeing methoxy substituents.

Exemplary complexes that can find use as catalysts include complexesshown below:

These complexes with methoxy substituted NHCs can find use inBuchwald-Hartwig arylamination reactions even with substrates generallyconsidered disfavoured for the transformation. For example coupling ofelectron rich aryl halides with electron deficient anilines such asmethoxy substituted aryl halides and fluoro substituted anilines.Exemplary results are described in detail hereafter.

For further example gold complexes of the form Au (ITent)Cl where ITentis for example one of IPent, IHept, INon may be prepared from similarexchange reactions such as:

Au(DMS)Cl+ITent - - - →Au(ITent)Cl where DMS is dimethylsulfide; or

Au(THT)Cl+ITent - - - →Au(ITent)Cl where THT is tetrahydrothiophene.

Thus the inventive methods described herein include the preparation ofan NHC and metal containing complex. Typically the metal and NHCcontaining complex can find use as a catalyst or catalyst precursor.

The method comprises generating an NHC by the methods described hereinand complexing the NHC to a metal to provide a metal and NHC containingcomplex. Typically the NHC coordinates to the metal.

Typical metals include Pd, Pt, Ru, Cu, Ag, Rh Ir and Au. Generally thecomplex will have ligands other than an NHC as for existing NHCcontaining complexes.

More generally the method produces complexes of the form M(NHC)L_(n)where M is a metal; NHC is an N-heterocyclic carbene as describedherein; L is a ligand; and n is the number of ligands L. The number (n)of ligands L depends on the nature of each L, the metal M and itsoxidation state; as will be understood by the skilled person. Each L maybe the same or different and coordinating or non-coordinating. Typicallyn will be from 1 to 6. Exemplary ligands L can include halogen, andthose containing at least one of P, N, O and S, where the atom P, N, Oor S coordinates to the metal. Non-coordinating ligands are typicallyanions such as halide. Other ligands may include an unsaturatedcarbon-carbon bond such as C═C or C═C that coordinates to the metal(e.g. cinnamyl).

Only a few anilines of structure I have been reported previously. Theprecursor to IPr, the aniline of structure V below where the groups R²and the Z groups are all H, is commercially available.

The conversion of aniline V to Pr, via the corresponding imidazoliniumsalt. is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,348 (Nolan).

The aniline of structure VI below, where the groups R² are methyl andthe Z groups are all H, is also known.

Prior art methods of manufacture of aniline VI has been described bySteele (Ref 2) and involves the use of a relatively complex “superbase”system—n-BuLi/LiK(OCH₂CH₂NMe₂)/Mg(OCH₂CH₂OEt)₂ to add ethylene gas to1,3 dimethylaniline. The purification of the product also requiresfractional distillation.

Although the tentacular NHC “IPent”—formula IX;

where groups R² in formula IV are methyl and the Z groups are all H, hasbeen previously reported, no information regarding the synthetic routewas provided. (Ref 3).

Anilines of Structures

wherein the groups R² in formula I are ethyl and n-propyl respectivelyconstitute further aspects of the invention, as do their correspondingdiimines II, imidazolium salts III and N-heterocyclic carbenes IV.

The present invention provides convenient and general methods for themanufacture of anilines of formula I, thus allowing the convenientpreparation of NHC's of formula IV. The NHCs can be used, for example toprepare metal NHC complexes for use in e.g. catalysis.

The present invention provides a method of preparing a 2,6 disubstitutedaniline, the method comprising:

-   -   reacting a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester with sufficient        Grignard reagent R²CH₂MgX to form the corresponding diol product        from reaction at the diester functions;        -   wherein R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and

-   -   -   wherein either;        -   R³ is H and R⁴ is an alkyl, for example C2 to C10 alkyl or            even C2 to C5 alkyl; or        -   each of R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl, for            example C1 to C10 alkyl or even C1 to C5 alkyl; and X is            halogen (chloride, bromide or iodide);

    -   dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene; and

    -   hydrogenating the diol product to form the corresponding        aniline.

Conveniently the 2-amino isophthalic acid diester employed has H in themeta and para (with respect to amino) positions of the benzene ring.

Thus the present invention provides a method of preparing an aniline ofgeneral formula I:

wherein each group R² is the same and is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl and

wherein either;

-   -   R³ is H and R⁴ is an alkyl, for example C2 to C10 alkyl or even        C2 to C5 alkyl; or    -   each of R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl, for example        C1 to C10 alkyl or even C1 to C5 alkyl; and    -   each group Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ is independently selected from the        group consisting of —H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵—R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂, wherein        each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the group        consisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl        that may be unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and        substituted aralkyl.

Each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ may be for example C1 to C10 alkyl or even C1 toC5 alkyl.

If substitution is required to provide one or more groups Z in generalformula I that is not H, then substitution of one or more H by group Zmay be achieved after an aniline with H in all three meta and parapositions has been made.

For example via electrophilic aromatic substitution carried out in theknown manner (and followed if necessary by modification or replacementof the substituent(s) first added) to produce the group Z. For example,a para Z substituent (Z₂) may be introduced via halogenation, nitrationor Friedel-Crafts alkylation or acylation procedures on the anilinefollowed by subsequent modifications as required, providing the desiredgroup Z₂.

Alternatively a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester already substitutedwith one or more groups Z may be employed in the method.

With either alternative an initially introduced group Z may be modifiedat any convenient stage in the synthetic route to the NHC. For exampleon the intermediates diimines of formula II or imidazolium salts offormula III discussed above.

As an example, anilines of general formula I where all three Zsubstituents are H may be readily converted to the correspondinganilines where the para group Z₂ is iodine by halogenation in the knownmanner for iodides; for example, by reaction with iodine in the presenceof a base (e.g. aqueous sodium carbonate and iodine reacting with theaniline, which may be in a solvent such as cyclohexane). The reactionmay be carried out at ambient or elevated temperature.

Subsequent conversion of the iodo function to methoxy (—OMe); or otheralkoxy substituents; can be conveniently carried out after the iodocontaining aniline has been converted to the corresponding diimine offormula II as discussed hereafter and with reference to particularembodiments. For example by reaction with methanol (or other alcohol) inthe presence of base and a copper salt (e.g., a caesium carbonate,phenanthroline and copper iodide system at elevated temperature in asealed vessel such as a sealed tube). For example with methanol assolvent at between 80 and 160° C. or even at between 100 and 140° C. orat about 120° C.

If desired poly-iodo anilines (where more than one of substituents Z isiodine) may be converted to the corresponding diimines of formula II andthen the same approach used to convert the iodo functions to methoxy orother alkoxy.

The p-methoxy diimines of formula II may be readily converted to thep-methoxy anilines of formula I by reaction with acid; for examplehydrochloric acid. Reaction may be carried out for example in aqueoushydrochloric acid (e.g. 37%) in the presence of a suitable solvent suchas THF at ambient or elevated temperature (e.g. at about 100 C). Thusthe diimine function can act as a protecting group in a procedure toprepare substituted anilines of formula I with, for example, methoxy orother alkoxy substituents at one or more of the positions Z.

The ester functions of the 2-amino isophthalic acid diester may have anysubstituent attached to the ether linkage of the carboxylate function toform the two ester functions.

Formula X below shows substituents forming the ester functions (shown asR¹) on a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester where all groups Z are H:

Typically and conveniently groups R¹ will be the same, but they could bedifferent. R¹ may be an alkyl group. Other alternatives include benzylor substituted benzyl. Alkyl groups R¹ may be conveniently C1 to C15alkyl, C1 to 010 alkyl or even C1 to C5 alkyl. Alkyl groups R¹ may belinear or branched and may be substituted.

Thus the present invention provides a method of preparing anilines ofgeneral formula I, the method comprising:

-   -   reacting an aniline of formula X;

-   -   wherein each group R¹ is independently selected from the group        alkyl, for example C1 to C15 alkyl, C1 to C10 alkyl or even C1        to C5 alkyl, and benzyl or substituted benzyl with a Grignard        reagent of the form R²CH₂MgX, wherein each group R² has the same        meaning as before and X is a halogen selected from I, Cl and Br,        to form a diol of formula XI;

-   -   dehydrating the diol of formula XI to form a dialkene; and    -   hydrogenation of the dialkene to form an aniline of general        formula I.

Where one or more of the groups Z in an aniline of general formula I isnot to be H, the method further comprises carrying out one or moresubstitution reactions on the initial aniline formed to provide therequired group or groups Z.

Alternatively the method may be carried out with one or more groups Z(where at least one Z is not H) already in place, i.e. carrying out theprocedure starting with a diester of general formula Xa:

-   -   wherein the groups R¹, Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ have the same meaning as        before and at least one of the groups Z is not H.

The dehydration of the diols in the method, for example of the diols ofgeneral formula XI, to form a corresponding dialkene may be carried outby the use of any suitable dehydrating agent, for example by use ofconcentrated sulphuric acid, typically in a suitable solvent such as THFor toluene. Typically a variable mixture of E and Z isomers is formed,which can readily be hydrogenated to the desired aniline.

Hydrogenation of the dialkene products may be carried out by use of H₂,for example H₂ in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as palladiumon carbon (Pd/C).

The diol intermediates such as XI or more generally of formula XIa:

where the substituents R² and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₃ have the same meaning asbefore; allow convenient preparation of the anilines I and hence ofN-heterocyclic carbenes IV via the diimines II and imidazolium salts IIIconstitute a further aspect of the present invention.

The present invention also provides a convenient synthesis of diesteranilines of formula X or of formula Xa (esters of 2-aminoisophthalicacid), the method starting from the commercially available2-nitro-m-xylene XII. For example the method comprises:

-   -   the bis-oxidation of 2-nitro-m-xylene XII to 2-nitroisophthalic        acid XIII;    -   the conversion of 2-nitroisophthalic acid XIII to its        corresponding diester XIV (typically the dimethyl ester where R¹        is methyl); and the reduction of the nitro diester XIV to the        diester aniline X. Where a diester of formula Xa is desired a        substituted 2-nitro-m-xylene may be employed or one of the other        intermediates in the synthetic route may be substitute.

Attempts to introduce groups R² via a Grignard reaction on thenitro-substituted diesters XIV were unsuccessful. It is thereforeconvenient to reduce the nitro function to amine before esterification,to provide compounds of formula X.

The method is illustrated in Scheme 1, below, showing the convenientprocedure to the diester anilines X and continuing through to thepreparation of anilines of formula I. In these examples each group Z isH.

A one-pot version of the dehydration-hydrogenation sequence of steps vand vi may be carried out but lower product purity may be obtained. Theillustrated 6-step synthetic route allows for the preparation ofmultigram quantities of anilines I with minimal purification proceduresbeing required.

The bis-oxidation of 2-nitro-m-xylene XII to 2-nitroisophthalic acidXIII may be carried out by an Etard type reaction, convenientlyemploying alkaline potassium permanganate as the oxidising reagent inthis case (e.g. with sodium hydroxide employed as the base).

The esterification to form diesters XIV can be carried out with aselected alcohol R¹OH in the usual way, for example to form the dimethyldiester by using methanol and acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid.Other esterification procedures, known to the skilled person, may beemployed.

The reduction of nitro diesters XIV to diester anilines X may be carriedout by hydrogen in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as palladiumon carbon.

[Exemplary Reagents and Conditions. i, KMnO₄, NaOH, H₂O, reflux, 12 h;ii, H₂SO₄, MeOH, reflux, overnight; iii, 10% Pd/C, H₂, AcOEt, rt, 20 h;iv, alkyibromide RBr (R=Et, n-Pr, n-Bu), Mg, THF, 0° C. to rt, 1-2 h; v,H₂SO₄, THF, 100° C., 1-2 h; vi, 10% Pd/C, H₂, EtOH, reflux, 6 to 48 h.]

It will be appreciated that one or more of the meta and para substituenthydrogens on the benzene ring in the structures of Scheme 1 may besubstituted by one of the alternative groups Z described herein, at aconvenient point in the synthetic route.

The exemplary reagents and reaction conditions provided above withScheme 1 are discussed in more detail under the heading “Description ofSome Preferred Embodiments and Experimental Results”, below.

Having prepared the anilines I by the convenient route exemplified inScheme 1, they can then be used to prepare the imidazolium salts Ill asillustrated below in Scheme 2, where X⁻ is chloride in these examples.If desired substituents Z (where one or more group Z is not H) asdiscussed above, especially Z₂ (para) substituents, may be introducedfirst. The imidazolium salts III can then be used to prepare NHCs by theaction of base as discussed above. Thus the route exemplified in schemes1 and 2 provides an effective synthesis of NHCs of formula IV (and theirprecursors) from the commercially available 2-nitro-m-xylene XII.

[Exemplary Reagents and Conditions. i, glyoxal (40% in H₂O), HCOOH,MeOH, rt, 3-5 h; ii, (CHO)_(n), ZnCl₂, HCl (4M in dioxane), 70° C., 3h.]

As an alternative to the use of anilines of general formula I

to prepare useful NHCs in accordance with the invention, theintermediate dialkene products prepared by the dehydration of the dialintermediates of formula XI may be employed. These dehydrated productsare of general formula XV:

where the groups R² and Z (Z₁, Z₂, Z₃) have the same meanings as before.The stereochemistry about both the double bonds can vary as suggested bythe wavy bond lines to H and R². As discussed above typically mixturesof Z and E isomers are formed on dehydration of the diols XI (exceptwhere R² is H). If desired these isomers may be isolated e.g. bychromatography or recrystallisation techniques. Alternatively a mixturemay be used. It will be understood that unless the context dictatesotherwise structure XV means one or more of the isomers possible byvarying the stereochemistry about the double bonds.

Typically the procedure produces a preponderance of the isomer whereboth double bonds have the E conformation as in formula XV(E2) below.

The compounds of general formula XV (or XV(E2)) may be converted todiimines and imidazolium salts and hence to NHCs and catalystscontaining the corresponding NHCs by the same procedures as describedfor anilines of general formula I (Scheme 2) This is illustrated inScheme 3 for a compound XVa where the groups Z are H. The same route maybe employed for compounds of general formula XV(E2).

Thus the present invention provides a method of manufacture of anilinesof general formula XV, the method comprising reacting a 2-aminoisophthalic acid diester with sufficient Grignard reagent R²CH₂MgX,

-   -   wherein R² has the same meaning as before and X is halogen        (chloride, bromide or iodide),    -   to form the corresponding diol product from reaction at the        diester functions; and    -   dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene of        formula XV.

Where groups Z other than H are desired then they may be introducedafter forming an aniline of general formula XVa (Scheme 3). This can bedone in the same manner as described above when forming anilines offormula I with one or more Z groups that are not H. Alternatively the2-amino isophthalic acid diester may have the desired Z group or groupsalready present. As discussed above with respect to the anilines offormula I groups Z may be modified at any convenient point in thesynthetic route to the corresponding NHCs.

Thus the present invention provides a method of preparing N-heterocycliccarbenes (NHCs), the method comprising:

-   -   reacting an aniline of general formula XV as described above        with glyoxal to form a diimine of general formula XVI;

-   -   cyclising the diimine of structure XVI, to form an imidazolium        salt of structure XVII;

wherein X⁻ is an anion for example halogen, such as chloride, bromide oriodide; and

-   -   reacting the imidazolium salt of structure XVI with a base to        form the corresponding NHC.

Typically the NHC will be generated in the presence of a metalcontaining precursor to a desired NHC containing compound, usuallyintended for use as a catalyst or a catalyst precursor.

Typical preparations can include the exchange of a ligand on a metalcompound with the NHC. The same procedures described above for thepreparation of NHCs of structure IV may be used to prepare NHCs ofstructure XVIII or XVIII(E2) below; and the corresponding metalcontaining complexes M(NHC)L_(n):

As a yet further alternative the methods described herein may be used toform N-heterocyclic carbenes wherein the ring containing the twonitrogen atoms is saturated i.e. a structure according to one of thefollowing:

where the substituents R² and Z have the same meanings as before. TheseNHCs may be used to make corresponding metal containing complexesM(NHC)L_(n).

To provide these structures the methods described above may include thereduction of the corresponding intermediate diazabutadiene compound; forexample of formula II:

to the corresponding diamine; for example of formula XIX:

This may be accomplished by reduction using a suitable reducing agentsuch as dibal (diisobutylaluminium hydride) in a suitable solvent, suchas THF or toluene. The reduction may also be carried out using lithiumaluminium hydride in a suitable solvent such as ethers (e.g. dioxane,THF, or mixtures thereof). The diamine can then be cyclised to thecorresponding dihydroimidazolinium salt using a suitable one carbonsource (e.g. triethylorthoformate) in the present of an acid HX. Forexample hydrochloric acid, which may be supplied in a solvent such as anether, for example dioxane.

An exemplary synthesis is shown below for the production of the SIPr-OMedihydroimidazolinium salt (SIPr-OMe.HCl) The nomenclature “S” indicatingthat the imidazolinium ring has been saturated by the reduction step andthe term —OMe indicating a methoxy substituent at the para (Z₂) positionof both phenyl rings.

The resulting dihydroimidazolinium salts, for example of formula XX orXXa;

can then be converted to the corresponding NHC as described above forthe imidazolium salts, such as those of formula III or formula XVII. Theintroduction and (if desired) subsequent modification of groups Z (whereZ is not H) may be carried out at convenient points in the describedsynthetic route.

Throughout the description of the present invention groups R (R¹, R²etc) are defined as alkyl, aryl or benzyl. Except where otherwisespecified, or the context dictates to the contrary, by alkyl is meantherein a hydrocarbyl radical, which may be straight-chain, cyclic,branched or unsaturated (typically straight-chain and saturated).Typically alkyl groups comprise from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, more usually1 to 10 carbon atoms, more usually still 1 to 6 carbon atoms, it beingof course understood that the lower limit to the number of carbon atomsin cycloalkyl and cycloalkylene groups is 3.

Where an alkyl group is unsaturated (i.e. is an alkenyl or alkynylgroup) it may have one or more sites of unsaturation, constituted bycarbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds. The presenceof a carbon-carbon double bond provides an alkenyl group; the presenceof a carbon-carbon triple bond provides an alkynyl group. Typically,alkenyl and alkynyl groups comprise from 2 to 25 carbon atoms, moreusually 2 to 10 carbon atoms, more usually still 2 to 5 carbon atoms.Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl, styryl and acrylate; anexample of an alkynyl group is propargyl. For the avoidance of anydoubt, a hydrocarbyl radical comprising both a carbon-carbon double bondand a carbon-carbon triple bond may be regarded as both an alkenyl andan alkynyl group.

Except where otherwise specified or the context dictates otherwise,groups R may be substituted, for example once, twice, or three times,e.g. once, i.e. formally replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of thegroup. Examples of such substituents are hydroxy, amino, halo, aryl,(including heteroaryl), nitro, alkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, sulfhydryl,acyl and formyl. Where an alkyl group is substituted by an aryl group,this is sometimes referred to as an aralkyl group (e.g. benzyl orsubstituted benzyl). Typically, aralkyl groups comprise a C₁₋₆ alkylgroup substituted by an optionally substituted aryl group.

Except where otherwise specified or the context dictates otherwise, byaryl is meant herein a radical formed formally by abstraction of ahydrogen atom from an aromatic compound. Aryl groups are typicallymonocyclic groups, for example phenyl, although bicyclic aryl groups,such as naphthyl, and tricyclic aryl groups, such as phenanthrene andanthracene, are also embraced by the term aryl. As known to thoseskilled in the art, heteroaromatic moieties are a subset of aromaticmoieties that comprise one or more heteroatoms, typically O, N or S, inplace of one or more carbon atoms and optionally any hydrogen atomsattached thereto. Consequentially, it will be understood that heteroarylgroups are a subset of aryl groups. Illustrative heteroaromatic moietiesinclude pyridine, furan, pyrrole and pyrimidine. Further examples ofheteroaromatic rings include pyridazine (in which two nitrogen atoms areadjacent in an aromatic 6-membered ring); pyrazine (in which twonitrogens are 1,4-disposed in a 6-membered aromatic ring); pyrimidine(in which two nitrogen atoms are 1,3-disposed in a 6-membered aromaticring); or 1,3,5-triazine (in which three nitrogen atoms are1,3,5-disposed in a 6-membered aromatic ring).

Aryl groups may be substituted one or more times with substituentsselected from, for example, the group consisting of hydroxy, amino,halo, alkyl, aryl, (including heteroaryl), nitro, alkoxy, alkylthio,cyano, sulfhydryl, acyl and formyl.

Description of Some Preferred Embodiments and Experimental Results

All reagents, reactants and solvents were used as purchased. Anhydroustetrahydrofuran was collected from a solvent purification system. Flashcolumn chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 Å pore diameter and40-63 μm particles size. ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)spectra were recorded on a Bruker-400 MHz or 300 MHz spectrometer atambient temperature in CDCl3 without TMSCl as internal standard. NMRpeaks were assigned by using COSY and HSQC experiments. Elementalanalyses were performed at London Metropolitan University 166-220Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB. High resolution mass spectrometry wasperformed by the EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre(NMSSC), Grove Building Extn., Swansea University, Singleton Park,Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.

2-Nitroisophthalic Acid XIII.

KMnO₄ (643 g, 4.07 mol, 4.0 eq) was added to solution of NaOH (135 g,3.38 mol, 3.3 eq) in tap water (4080 mL) at room temperature.2-Nitro-m-xylene XII (153 g, 1.01 mol, 1.0 eq) was added and theresulting solution was allowed to stir vigorously under strong reflux.The purple colour slowly disappeared as the KMnO₄ was reduced and thereaction was continued overnight (12 h). The suspension was cooled toroom temperature before being filtered through a sintered funnel. Theresulting yellow filtrate was carefully acidified below pH 2 withconcentrated sulphuric acid (98%, 200 mL). The white solid formed wascollected by filtration and washed with dichloromethane to recover thepure unreacted starting material (31.9 g) after evaporation. The crudewhite cake was washed with ethyl acetate and filtered. The insolublewhite solid was discarded and the resulting filtrate was dried overanhydrous magnesium sulphate. Evaporation of the solvents in vaccuoprovided the pure diacid XIII as a white powder (112 g, 52%) and wastaken on crude to the next step. (CAS 21161-11-5)

Dimethyl 2-Nitroisophthalate XIV (where R¹ is Methyl).

The diacid XIII (136 g, 0.64 mol, 1.0 eq) was diluted in regularmethanol (1200 mL) and the resulting solution was carefully treated withconcentrated sulphuric acid (98%, 122 mL, 2.24 mol, 3.5 eq). The mixturewas allowed to stir overnight under strong reflux and stirring. A largequantity of white solid formed and the condenser was removed to allowhalf of the methanol to evaporate. The suspension was cooled down toroom temperature and was diluted with water (1200 mL) to precipitatemore solid. The solid was isolated by filtration and washed with water(1200 mL) before being dissolved in dichloromethane. The solution wasdried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and the solvents were evaporatedto give the pure diester 3 (130 g, 84%) as a white powder. (CAS57052-99-0)

Dimethyl 2-Aminoisophtalate X (where R¹ is Methyl).

A stream of hydrogen was bubbled through a solution of nitroarene XIV(130 g, 544 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Pd/C (10%, dry, 7.95 g, 6.31 mmol, 1.2 mol%) in regular ethyl acetate (1450 mL) at room temperature. Completionwas obtained within 20 h as indicated by TLC analysis. However thereaction time greatly varied depending on the scale and conditions used.The mixture was filtered through a sintered funnel and Pd/C wasrecovered and successfully reused in other hydrogenations. In the casewhere wet Pd/C was used, the filtrate was first dried over anhydroussodium sulphate. The solvents were removed under vacuum to give thedesired aniline X (where R¹ is methyl) (113 g, 99%) in excellent purityand as a smelly off-white powder. (CAS 57053-02-3)

General Procedure for Grignard Reaction:

A solution of alkylmagnesium bromide was prepared under strictlyanhydrous conditions from commercially available magnesium andalkylbromide as followed. A suspension of fresh magnesium (9 eq) inanhydrous THF was treated with the slow addition of a premade solutionof alkylbromide (8 eq) in anhydrous THF over 1 h in maintaining thetemperature below 40 C. After 2 h at room temperature, the suspensionwas cooled down to 0° C. and a solution of diester (1 eq) in THF wascannulated at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm up to roomtemperature and was stirred until completion as indicated by TLCanalysis (<1 h). The reaction was then cooled down to 0 C and carefullyquenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution and diluted in Et₂O. The organic layerwas washed with sat. NH₄Cl solution then dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting crude oil wasgenerally obtained in excellent purity and no further purification wasrequired.

2,6-Di(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)aniline XIa (R²=Me).

A solution of ethylmagnesium bromide was prepared under strictlyanhydrous conditions from commercially available magnesium andethylbromide. A suspension of fresh magnesium (105 g, 4.33 mol, 9.0 eq)in anhydrous THF (1700 mL) was treated with the slow addition of apremade solution of ethylbromide (285 mL, 3.82 mol, 8.0 eq) in anhydrousTHF (1700 mL) over 1 h in maintaining the temperature below 40° C. After2 h at room temperature, the suspension was cooled down to 0° C.,causing the formation of a precipitate, and the diester X (where R¹ ismethyl) (100 g, 0.48 mol, 1.0 eq) was carefully added portionwise over 5min at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm up to room temperature andwas stirred until completion as indicated by TLC analysis (<1 h). Thereaction was then cooled down to 0° C. and carefully quenched with sat.NH₄Cl solution (500 mL). The mixture was diluted in Et₂O (1700 mL) andwashed with sat. NH₄Cl solution (2×500 mL). The organic layer was thendried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum.The resulting crude oil was then filtered thru a pad of silica andflushed with Et₂O to get a more accurate yield. Evaporation of thesolvent provided the crude diol XIa (116 g, 91%) as a yellow/greenishoil in excellent purity. No further purification was required for thenext steps.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (12H, app t, J=7.4 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.92 (4H,m, 4×CH), 2.05 (4H, m, 4×CH), 4.26 (2H, vbs, NH₂), 6.57 (1H, t, J=7.7Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 6.92 (2H, d, J=7.7 Hz, H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.3 (4×CH₃), 30.8 (4×CH₂), 79.9(2×C_(IV)—OH), 115.4 (CH^(p-Ar)), 126.8 (2×CH^(m-Ar)), 128.2(2×CH^(o-Ar)), 146.7 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂). HRMS (NSI+). found m/z[M+H]+266.2115, calcd for C₁₆H₂₈NO₂ 266.2115.

2,6-Di(4-hydroxyheptan-4-yl)aniline XIb (R²=Et).

A suspension of fresh magnesium (20.9 g, 0.86 mol, 8.6 eq) in anhydrousTHF (300 mL) was treated with the slow addition of a premade solution ofn-propylbromide (69.5 mL, 0.77 mol, 7.7 eq) in anhydrous THF (300 mL)over 20 min in maintaining the temperature below 40° C. After 1.5 h atroom temperature, the suspension was cooled down to 0° C., causing theformation of a precipitate, and a premade solution of diester X (whereR¹ is methyl) (20.0 g, 0.10 mol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF (300 mL) wascannulated at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm up to roomtemperature and was stirred for 2 h. The reaction was then cooled downto 0° C. and carefully quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution (300 mL). Themixture was diluted in Et₂O (400 mL) and washed with sat. NH₄Cl solution(2×200 mL). The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting brown crude solid(30.9 g) (Pure by ¹H NMR) was then further purified by successiverecrystallisation from pentane to give the pure diol XIb (26.6 g, 86%)as a white crystalline solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (12H, app t, J=7.3 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.08-1.23(4H, m, 4×CH), 1.26-1.41 (4H, m, 4×CH), 1.78-1.88 (4H, td, J=12.5, 4.5Hz, 4×CH), 1.95-2.05 (4H, td, J=12.5, 4.5 Hz, 4×CH), 4.24 (3H, vbs,NH₂+2×OH), 6.54 (1H, t, J=7.7 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 6.89 (2H, d, J=7.7 Hz,H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.5 (4×CH₃), 17.2 (4×CH₂), 41.2(4×CH₂), 79.4 (2×C_(IV)—OH), 115.1 (CH^(p-Ar)), 126.5 (2×CH^(m-Ar)),128.7 (2×CH^(o-Ar)), 146.7 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂). HRMS (NSI+). found m/z[M+H]+322.2745, calcd for C₂₀H₃₆O₂N, 322.2741.

2,6-Di(5-Hydroxynonan-5-yl)Aniline XIc (R²=n-Pr).

A solution of n-butylmagnesium bromide was prepared under strictlyanhydrous conditions from commercially available magnesium andn-butylbromide as followed. A suspension of fresh magnesium (16.0 g,0.66 mol, 9.4 eq) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) was treated with the slowaddition of a premade solution of n-butylbromide (58.0 mL, 0.54 mol, 7.7eq) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) over 1 h in maintaining the temperaturebelow 40° C. After 2 h at room temperature, the suspension was cooleddown to 0° C., causing the formation of a precipitate, and a solution ofdiester X (where R¹ is methyl) (14.0 g, 0.07 mol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF(200 mL) was cannulated at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm up toroom temperature and was stirred until completion as indicated by TLCanalysis (<1 h). The reaction was then cooled down to 0° C. andcarefully quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution (200 mL). The mixture wasdiluted in Et₂O (250 mL) and washed with sat. NH₄Cl solution (2×150 mL).The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate andconcentrated under vacuum. The resulting brownish crude solid (pure by¹H NMR) was then recrystallized from hot pentane to give the pure diolXlc (24.4 g, 97%) as an off-white crystalline solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.88 (12H, app t, J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.14 (4H,m, 4×CH), 1.32 (12H, m, 12×CH), 1.87 (4H, m, 4×CH), 2.03 (4H, m, 4×CH),2.24 (2H, partially hidden vbs, 2×OH), 5.98 (2H, vbs, NH₂), 6.56 (1H, t,J=7.9 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 6.91 (2H, d, J=7.9 Hz, H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.0 (4×CH₃), 23.1 (4×CH₂), 26.1(4×CH₂), 38.1 (4×CH₂), 79.3 (2×C_(IV)—OH), 115.0 (CH^(p-Ar)), 126.5(2×CH^(m-Ar)), 128.4 (2×CH^(o-Ar)), 146.7 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂).

HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [M+H]+378.3369, calcd for C₂₄H₄₄NO₂ 378.3367.

General Procedure for Diol Dehydration and Dialkene Hydrogenation:

A solution of diol (1.0 eq) in regular THF was treated with the carefuladdition of conc. sulphuric acid (98%, 10 eq) and stirred at 100° C. inan open vessel. After 1-2 h at 100° C. most of the THF evaporated andcompletion was observed by TLC analysis of a worked up crude sample. Thereaction was cooled down to room temperature and was carefully pouredinto a separating funnel containing a saturated aqueous solution ofsodium hydroxide. The basic mixture was then extracted with diethylether and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate. Filtration followed by concentration of the organic extractsunder vacuum gave the crude dialkene as a brownish viscous oil. Thecrude dialkene was obtained in excellent purity as a variable mixture of(E)- and (Z)-double bond isomers and was used without any furtherpurification in the next step.

Pd/C (10 mol %) was added to a solution of crude dialkene (1.0 eq) inregular ethanol. The reaction was then purged under vacuum then nitrogenand was finally placed under positive pressure of hydrogen. The mixturewas allowed to reflux until completion as indicated by ¹H NMR. Thereaction time required to reach completion varied (6 to 48 h) dependingon the substrate, the scale and the conditions used. The mixture wasfiltered through a sintered funnel and the recovered Pd/C wasefficiently reused for larger scale reactions. The yellow filtrate wasconcentrated under vacuum to afford the desired aniline as a lightyellow to brown oil. Excellent purity was obtained and the crude oil wasgenerally used without any further purification. However filtrationthrough a pad of silica and flushing with pentane/Et₂O can be used toget rid of coloured impurities and traces of Pd/C.

2,6-Di(pentan-3-yl)aniline Ia (R²=Me).

A solution of dial (2.72 g, 10.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regular THF (100 mL)was treated with the careful addition of conc. sulphuric acid (98%, 5.50mL, 101 mmol, 9.9 eq) and stirred at 100° C. in an open vessel. After 2h at 100 C most of the THF evaporated and completion was observed by TLCanalysis of a worked up crude sample. The reaction was cooled down toroom temperature and was carefully poured into a separating funnelcontaining a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (12 mL). Thebasic mixture was then extracted with diethyl ether (3×100 mL) and thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate.Filtration followed by concentration of the organic extracts undervacuum gave the crude dialkene (2.31 g, 98%) as a brownish viscous oilin excellent purity.

Pd/C (10%, 59.6% wet, 1.84 g, 1.03 mmol, 10 mol %) was added to asolution of crude dialkene (2.31 g, ˜10.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regularethanol (50 mL). The mixture was allowed to reflux under a positivepressure of hydrogen until completion (48 h) and was filtered through asintered funnel. The yellow filtrate was concentrated under vacuum toafford the desired aniline Ia (2.00 g, 84% over 2 steps) as a lightyellow to brown oil in excellent purity. (KS19) On larger scale (>80 g)the aniline was purified by distillation under reduced pressure asdescribed in the literature. Distillation afforded the pure aniline Iaas a slightly yellowish oil (7 mbar, by 140° C.). However slightdecomposition was observed during distillation and prolonged storage atroom temperature. The data obtained are in full agreement with thosefrom the literature.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.88 (12H, 2×t, J=2×7.5 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.65 (4H,m, 2×CH₂), 1.75 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.53 (2H, m, 2×CH), 3.62 (23H, vbs,NH₂), 6.82 (1H, t, J=7.4 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 6.95 (2H, d, J=7.4 Hz,H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.0 (4×CH₃), 28.0 (4×CH₂), 42.3 (2×CH),118.4 (CH^(p-Ar)), 123.8 (2×CH^(m-Ar)), 129.9 (2×C_(IV) ^(o-Ar)), 142.5(2×N—C_(IV) ^(Ar)).

2,6-Di(heptan-4-yl)aniline Ib (R²=Et).

A solution of diol (25.9 g, 80.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regular THE (200 mL)was treated with the careful addition of conc. sulphuric acid (98%, 43.0mL, 790 mmol, 9.8 eq) and stirred at 100 C in an open vessel. After 2 hat 100° C. most of the THF evaporated and completion was observed by TLCanalysis of a worked up crude sample. The reaction was cooled down toroom temperature and was carefully poured into a separating funnelcontaining a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (90 mL). Thebasic mixture was then extracted with diethyl ether (3×500 mL) and thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate.Filtration followed by concentration of the organic extracts undervacuum gave the crude dialkene (22.7 g, 99%) as a viscous light yellowoil in excellent purity.

Pd/C (˜10%, recycled, 30.0 g, ˜28.2 mmol, ˜35 mol %) was added to asolution of crude dialkene (22.7 g, ˜80.6 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regularethanol (600 mL). The mixture was allowed to reflux under a positivepressure of hydrogen until completion (3.5 h) and was filtered through asintered funnel. The yellow filtrate was concentrated under vacuum toafford the desired aniline Ib (21.1 g, 91% over 2 steps) as a lightyellow oil in excellent purity.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.87 (12H, app t, J=7.3 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.21-1.31(8H, m, 4×CH₂), 1.52-1.68 (8H, m, 4×CH₂), 2.66 (2H, m, 2×CH), 3.66 (2H,vbs, NH₂), 6.77 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 6.92 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz,H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {′H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃, SEM233) δ 14.5 (4×CH₃), 17.2 (4×CH₂), 41.2(4×CH₂), 79.4 (2×C_(IV)—OH), 115.1 (CH^(p-Ar)), 126.5 (2×CH^(m-Ar)),128.7 (2×CH^(o-Ar)), 146.7 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂).

HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [M+H]+290.2847, calcd for C₂₀H₃₆N, 290.2842.

2,6-Di(nonan-5-yl)aniline Ic (R²=n-Pr).

A solution of diol (10.1 g, 26.7 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regular THF (230 mL)was treated with the careful addition of conc. sulphuric acid (98%, 14.3mL, 263 mmol, 9.9 eq) and stirred at 100° C. in an open vessel. After 1h at 100° C. most of the THF evaporated and completion was observed byTLC analysis of a worked up crude sample. The reaction was cooled downto room temperature and was carefully poured into a separating funnelcontaining a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (42 mL). Thebasic mixture was then extracted with diethyl ether (3×250 mL) and thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate.Filtration followed by concentration of the organic extracts undervacuum gave the crude dialkene (10.2 g) as a yellowish clear viscous oilin excellent purity.

Pd/C (10% dry, 3.21 g, 3.02 mmol, 11 mol %) was added to a solution ofcrude dialkene (10.2 g, ˜26.7 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regular ethanol (150 mL).The mixture was allowed to reflux under a positive pressure of hydrogenuntil completion (19 h) and was filtered through a sintered funnel. Theyellow filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford the desiredaniline Ic (8.05 g, 87% over 2 steps) as a clear yellow to orange oil inexcellent purity.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.88 (12H, app t, J=7.0 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.28 (16H,m, 8×CH₂), 1.65 (8H, m, 4×CH₂), 2.65 (2H, m or bs, 2×CH), 3.65 (2H, bs,NH₂), 6.80 (1H, m, H^(p-Ar)), 6.95 (2H, d, J=7.2 Hz, H^(m-Ar)).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.0 (4×CH₃), 23.0 (4×CH₂), 29.8(4×CH₂), 35.7 (4×CH₂), 39.0 (2×CH), 118.4 (CH^(p-Ar)), 123.7(2×CH^(m-Ar)), 130.6 (2×CH^(o-Ar)), 142.1 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂).

HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [M+H]+346.3474, calcd for C₂₄H₄₄N, 378.346.3468.

General Procedure for Diimine Preparation:

A stirred solution of aniline (2.0 eq) in regular methanol was treatedwith glyoxal (40% in H₂O, 1.2 eq) followed by catalytic amount of formicacid (0.3 eq) at room temperature. The desired diimine started toprecipitate from the reaction media and stirring was continued untilcompletion as indicated by ¹H NMR analysis. The pure diimine wassuccessfully obtained by either recrystallization of the crude frommethanol or ethanol or by filtration through a pad of silica.

The spontaneous crystallisation of the diimine at the end of thereaction can be increased by ceasing the stirring after 15 min, andleaving the reaction mixture overnight or placing the reaction mixturein the freezer. The reaction can also be done in ethanol but spontaneouscrystallisation of the diimine at the end of the reaction was not asefficient as in methanol. Residual diimine obtained by concentration ofthe filtrate can also be purified successfully by filtration throughsilica gel and flushing (eluting) with pentane.

N,N′-Bis[2,6-di(pentan-3-yl)phenyl]diazabutadiene IIa (R²=Me).

A stirred solution of IPent aniline (Ia)(18.3 g, 78.6 mmol, 2.0 eq) inregular methanol (230 mL) was treated with glyoxal (40% in H₂O, 5.40 mL,49.1 mmol, 1.3 eq) followed by catalytic amount of formic acid (460 μL,12.2 mmol, 0.3 eq) at room temperature. The desired diimine started toprecipitate from the reaction media and stirring was continued untilcompletion (3 h). The solid was isolated by filtration and the filtratewas concentrated under vacuum. The resulting brownish solid wasrecrystallized from methanol. Both solids were combined and dried underhigh vacuum to afford the pure desired diimine IIa as a bright and shinyyellow crystalline powder (16.0 g, 83%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.82 (24H, t, J=7.3 Hz, 8×CH₃), 1.59 (8H, m,4×CH₂). 1.68 (8H, m, 4×CH₂), 2.52 (4H, m, 4×CH), 7.08-7.10 (4H, m,4×H^(m-Ar)), 7.14-7.18 (2H, m, 2×H^(p-Ar)), 8.04 (2H, s, 2×HC═N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.2 (8×CH₃), 28.9 (8×CH₂), 42.5 (4×CH),123.9 (4×CH^(m-Ar)), 124.8 (2×CH^(p-Ar)), 133.8 (4×C_(IV) ^(o-Ar)),150.9 (2×N—C_(IV) ^(Ar)), 163.9 (2×HC═N).

HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [M+H]+489.4199, calcd for C₃₄H₅₃N₂ 489.4203.

N,N′-Bis [2,6-di(heptan-4-yl)phenyl]diazabutadiene IIb (R²=Et).

A stirred solution of IHept aniline (Ib)(20.6 g, 71.2 mmol, 2.0 eq) inregular methanol (210 mL) was treated with glyoxal (40% in H₂O, 4.88 mL,44.4 mmol, 1.2 eq) followed by catalytic amount of formic acid (420 μL,mmol, 0.3 eq) at room temperature. The desired diimine started toprecipitate from the reaction media and stirring was continued untilcompletion (5 h). The solid was isolated by filtration and the filtratewas concentrated under vacuum. The resulting brownish solid was filteredthrough a plug of silica and flushed with pentane.

After concentration, both solids were combined and dried under highvacuum to afford the pure desired diimine IIb as a bright and shinyyellow crystalline powder (19.1 g, 89%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.88 (24H, app t, J=7.4 Hz, 8×CH₃), 1.24 (16H,m, 8×CH₂), 1.59 (16H, m, 8×CH₂), 2.74 (4H, m, 4×CH), 7.12-7.19 (6H, m,H^(Ar)), 8.05 (2H, s, 2×CH═N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.3 (4×CH₃), 20.8 (4×CH₂), 38.4 (4×CH),39.1 (4×CH₂), 123.8 (CH^(p-Ar)), 124.8 (2×CH^(m-Ar)), 134.3(2×CH^(o-Ar)), 150.6 (C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂), 163.8 (CH═N).

HRMS (APCI+). found m/z [M+H]+601.5453, calcd for C₄₂H₆₉N₂ 601.5455.

N,N′-Bis [2,6-di(nonan-5-yl)phenyl]diazabutadiene IIc (R²=n-Pr).

A stirred solution of INon aniline (Ic) (1.43 g, 4.14 mmol, 2.0 eq) inregular methanol (12 mL) was treated with glyoxal (40% in H₂O, 284 μL,2.48 mmol, 1.2 eq) followed by catalytic amount of formic acid (24 μL,mmol, 0.3 eq) at room temperature. The desired diimine started toprecipitate from the reaction media and stirring was continued untilcompletion (4 h). The methanol was evaporated under vacuum and theresidue was diluted in pentane (12 mL) then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. The filtrate was passed through a short pad of silica andflushed with pentane. The pentane was evaporated under vacuum and theremaining yellow solid was recrystallized from ethanol. The pure desireddiimine IIc was obtained as a bright and shiny yellow crystalline powder(1.02 g, 69%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.85 (24H, app t, J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.13-1.33(32H, m, 16×CH₂), 1.53-1.66 (16H, m, 8×CH₂), 2.68 (4H, m, 4×CH), 7.11(4H, d, J=6.8 Hz, H^(m-Ar)), 7.16 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz, H^(m-Ar)), 8.00 (2H,s, 2×CH═N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.0 (8×CH₃), 22.9 (8×CH₂), 29.9(8×CH₂), 36.6 (8×CH₂), 38.9 (4×CH), 123.8 (2×CH^(p-Ar)), 124.8(4×CH^(m-Ar)), 134.4 (4×CH^(o-Ar)), 150.7 (2×C_(IV) ^(Ar)—NH₂), 163.6(2×CH═N).

HRMS (APC1+). found m/z [M+H]+713.6711, calcd for C₅₀H₈₅N₂ 713.6707.

General Procedure for Imidazolium Chloride Preparation:

A solution of diimine (1.0 eq) in regular THF was treated with anhydrouszinc chloride (1.0 eq) at 70° C. and stirred for 5 min.para-formaldehyde (1.1 eq) was subsequently added followed by thedropwise addition of anhydrous HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.5 eq). Thereaction was stirred for 3 h at 70° C. and concentrated down undervacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and was washed withwater and brine. The combined aqueous phases were extracted with ethylacetate and the organic phases were combined and dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulphate. The solvent was partially evaporated under vacuumuntil the formation of a solid and the resulting suspension was dilutedwith pentane and placed in the freezer for 20 min. The solid wasisolated by filtration and washed with pentane to afford the puredesired imidazolium chloride as an off-white crystalline powder.

In general it was found that crystallization of the crude imidazoliniumsalts is improved by work up procedures such as that described above,including extraction into ethyl acetate and/or brine washes afterreaction.

1,3-Bis[2,6-di(pentan-3-yl)phenyl]imidazolium chloride IIIa (R²=Me,IPent.HCl).

A solution of IPent diimine IIa (3.00 g, 6.14 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regulartetrahydrofuran (240 mL) was treated with anhydrous zinc chloride (837mg, 6.14 mmol, 1.0 eq) at 70° C. and stirred for 5 min. p-formaldehyde(193 mg, 6.43 mmol, 1.1 eq) was subsequently added followed by thedropwise addition of anhydrous HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 2.3 mL, 9.1 mmol,1.5 eq). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at 70° C. and concentrateddown under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL)and was washed with water (3×200 mL) and brine (200 mL). The combinedaqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and theorganic phases were combined and dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate. The solvent was partially evaporated under vacuum until theapparition of a solid and the resulting suspension was diluted withpentane and placed in the freezer for 20 min. The solid was isolated byfiltration and washed with pentane to afford the pure desiredimidazolium chloride IIIa as an off-white crystalline powder (2.36 g,71%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.78 (12H, t, J=7.4 Hz, 4×CH₃), 0.86 (12H, t,J=7.4 Hz, 4×CH₃), 1.68 (16H, m, 8×CH₂), 1.96 (4H, m, 4×CH), 7.29 (4H, d,J=7.9 Hz, 4×H^(m-Ar)), 7.61 (2H, t, J=7.9 Hz, 2×H^(p-Ar)), 8.32 (2H, appd, J=1.7 Hz, 2×HC═N), 8.87 (1H, bs, N—CH—N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.9 (4×CH₃), 12.1 (4×CH₃), 28.0(4×CH₂), 28.7 (4×CH₂), 43.1 (4×CH), 125.0 (4×CH^(m-Ar)), 127.5 (2×HC═N),131.8 (2×CH^(p-Ar)), 132.1 (4×C_(IV) ^(o-Ar)) or 135.9 (N—CH—N), 142.0(2×N—C_(IV) ^(Ar)).

Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₅₃ClN₂: C, 78.24; H, 9.94; N, 5.21. Found: C, 78.13;H, 10.03; N, 5.19.

1,3-Bis [2,6-di(heptan-4-yl)phenyl]imidazolium chloride IIIb (R²=Et,IHept.HCl).

A solution of diimine (19.1 g, 31.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regulartetrahydrofuran (1500 mL) was treated with anhydrous zinc chloride (4.33g, 31.8 mmol, 1.0 eq) at 70° C. and stirred for 5 min. p-formaldehyde(1.00 g, 33.4 mmol, 1.1 eq) was subsequently added followed by thedropwise addition of anhydrous HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 11.8 mL, 47.72mmol, 1.5 eq). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at 70° C. andconcentrated down under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethylacetate (1000 mL) and was washed with water (2×750 mL) and brine (750mL). The combined aqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate (200mL) and the organic phases were combined and dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulphate. The solvent was partially evaporated under vacuumuntil the formation of a solid and the resulting suspension was dilutedwith pentane and placed in the freezer for 20 min. The solid wasisolated by filtration and washed with pentane to afford the puredesired imidazolium chloride IIIb as a white crystalline powder (9.72 g,47%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.84 (12H, t, J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 0.87 (12H, t,J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 0.97-1.14 (12H, m, 4×CH+4 CH₂), 1.27 (4H, m, 4×CH),1.49-1.69 (16H, m, 4×CH₂+4×CH₂), 2.05 (4H, sharp m, 4 CH+impurity), 7.29(4H, d, J=7.8 Hz, H^(m-Ar)), 7.60 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 8.20 (1H,s, N—CH—N), 8.41 (2H, s, 2×CH═N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.8 (4×CH₃), 14.1 (4×CH₃), 20.6(4×CH₂), 21.0 (4×CH₂), 37.9 (4×CH), 39.1 (4×CH₂), 40.3 (4×CH), 125.0(CH^(m-Ar)), 127.7 (2×HC═N), 131.4 (2×C_(IV) ^(o-Ar)), 132.0(2×CH^(p-Ar)), 134.9 (N—CH—N), 142.5 (N—C_(IV) ^(Ar)).

Anal. Calcd for C₄₃H₆₉ClN₂: C, 79.52; H, 10.71; N, 4.31. Found: C,79.39; H, 10.72; N, 4.35.

1,3-Bis [2,6-di(nonan-5-yl)phenyl]imidazoliurn chloride IIIc (R²=n-Pr,INon.HCl).

A solution of diimine IIc (685 mg, 0.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) in regulartetrahydrofuran (35 mL) was treated with anhydrous zinc chloride (131mg, 0.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) at 70° C. and stirred for 5 min. p-formaldehyde(30.0 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1.0 eq) was subsequently added followed by thedropwise addition of anhydrous HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 355 L, 1.42 mmol,1.5 eq). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at 70° C. and concentrateddown under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (30 mL)and was washed with water (3×20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The combinedaqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the organicphases were combined and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Thesolvent was completely evaporated under vacuum and the resulting solidwas washed with pentane to afford the pure desired imidazolium chlorideIIIc as a white crystalline powder (262 mg, 36%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.81 (12H, t, J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 0.88 (12H, t,J=7.2 Hz, 4×CH₃), 0.96-1.10 (12H, m, 4×CH+4 CH₂), 1.18-1.34 (20H, m,8×CH₂+4×CH), 1.51-1.77 (16H, m, 4×CH₂+4×CH₂), 2.06 (4H, 4 CH), 7.32 (4H,d, J=7.8 Hz, H^(m-Ar)), 7.63 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz, H^(p-Ar)), 8.23 (1H, s,N—CH—N), 8.48 (2H, s, 2×CH═N).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.8 (4×CH₃), 13.9 (4×CH₃), 22.6(4×CH₂), 22.9 (8×CH₂), 30.0 (4×CH₂), 30.1 (4×CH₂), 35.5 (4×CH₂), 36.8(4×CH₂), 40.6 (4×CH), 125.3 (CH^(m-Ar)), 128.0 (2×HC═N), 131.7 (2×C_(IV)^(o-Ar)), 132.3 (2×CH^(p-Ar)), 135.0 (N—CH—N), 142.8 (N—C_(IV) ^(Ar)).

Anal. Calcd for C₅₁H₈₅ClN₂: C, 80.42; H, 11.25; N, 3.68. Found: C,80.25; H, 11.12; N, 3.77.

Procedure for the Preparation of Imidazolium Chlorides with Para-MethoxySubstituentsp-Iodo Anilines

A solution of the aniline in regular cyclohexane was treated with asaturated aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃ followed by solid iodine at roomtemperature. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature (14h). The crude solution was diluted in Et₂O and washed with a saturatedaqueous solution of Na₂S₂O₃. The organic layer was then dried overanhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum. The resultingresidue was generally obtained in excellent purity and was either usedwithout further purification or filtered through silica and flushed with1% Et₂O in pentane.

Procedure for p-Iododiimine Preparation

A solution of p-iodo-aniline (2.0 eq) in MeOH was treated with formicacid (1 drop) followed by the dropwise addition of glyoxal (40% in H₂O,1.2 eq) at 70 C. The solution was stirred at this temperature for 3 hand the methanol was evaporated under vacuum and replaced by Et₂O.Reaction overnight at room temperature may also be used to affect thetransformation. The solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate,filtered and concentrated in vacuuo. The residue was purified by flashcolumn chromatography (silica gel, 1-5% Et₂O in pentane) to yield thepure desired diimine as a bright yellow solid. Purification by flashcolumn chromatography was preferred on small scale synthesis to obtainaccurate yields. However on larger scale, the pure desired diiminesusually precipitated out of the methanolic solution and can be easilyisolated by filtration.

Procedure for p-Methoxydiimine Preparation

A sealed tube was loaded with regular methanol, Cul (0.5 eq),phenanthroline (0.8 eq) and Cs₂CO₃ (4.3 eq) at room temperature. To thisbrown mixture was added the starting diiodo diimine (1.0 eq) and thereaction was stirred overnight at for example 110 C. The reaction wasallowed to cool down to room temperature and was filtered through cottonwool. The remaining solid was washed with diethyl ether and the filtratewas transferred into a separating funnel. The organic layer was washedwith 10% NH₄OH then brine and was then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulphate. Concentration in vacuuo afforded the crude dimethoxy diimine.Although excellent purity was generally obtained (¹H NMR), filtrationthrough silica was preferred to remove colouring agents and traces ofcopper. The silica was flushed with pentane and the filtrate wasevaporated to yield the pure desired diimine.

Anhydrous conditions are not required. Preliminary results show thatcompletion is actually reached within a few hours. Conditions were notoptimised and quantities of reagents may be significantly reduced.

Where the diimine has groups R²═H (isopropyl substituents at the 2 and 6positions) the expected p-methoxydiimine was not formed but instead thecorresponding p-methoxyaniline (below) was produced (73% yield,overnight in a sealed tube reaction at 120 C). The diimine bridge iscleaved in this example. Bulkier R² groups such as methyl, ethyl andn-propyl produced high yields 100% to 94%) of the methoxydiimines, withlittle free aniline (3%) indicating a steric effect.

The diisopropyl aniline produced can be readily converted to thecorresponding diimine by reacting again with formic acid and glyoxal(40% in H₂O) in methanol as shown below.

More generally if the p-methoxy anilines are desired the diimine bridgeof the p-methoxy diimines can be readily cleaved as shown below. Forexample reaction with acid such as hydrochloric acid in aqueous solvent(e.g. water/THF) at moderate temperature (e.g. room temperature to 100C). Reaction may be complete in as little as 20 to 30 minutes. Thus thediimine function can serve as a protecting group when anilines of theinvention are desired products.

Procedure for p-Methoxyimidazolium Chloride Preparation

A solution of p-methoxydiimine (1.0 eq) in regular tetrahydrofuran wastreated with anhydrous zinc chloride (1.0 eq) at 70° C. and stirred for5 min. p-formaldehyde (1.1 eq) was subsequently added followed by thedropwise addition of anhydrous HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 1.5 eq). Thereaction was stirred for at 70° C. and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and was washed with water andbrine. The combined aqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate andthe organic phases were combined and dried over anhydrous magnesiumsulphate. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the resultingbrown solid was triturated with pentane to yield the pure desiredimidazolium chloride as the remaining solid.

The above procedure was used to prepare the imidazolium salts:IPr-OMe.HCl IPent-OMe.HCl, IHept-OMe.HCl and INon-OMe.HCl. (Thestructures III(OMe) above where groups R² are respectively H, Me, Et,and n-Pr.) These imidazolium salts were used to prepare NHC containingpalladium complexes as described below.

Procedure for the Preparation of SIPr-OMe.HCl

A—The diimine precursorN,N′-Bis(4-methoxy-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)1,4-diazabutadiene (A) was madeby following a variation of the General Procedure for DiiminePreparation discussed above. A solution of4-methoxy-2,6-diisopropylaniline (15.2 g, 73.4 mmol, 2.0 eq) in MeOH(300 mL) was treated with formic acid (2 drops) followed by the dropwiseaddition of glyoxal (40% in H2O, 6.43 mL, 74.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) at rt. Thesolution was stirred at this temperature for 2 h and the methanol wasevaporated under vaccum and replaced by pentane (300 mL). The solutionwas dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and partiallyconcentrated in vacuuo. Although good purity was obtained, the residualoil was preferably purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel,10% Et20 in pentane to yield the pure desired diimine A as an orangesolid (11.5 g, 72%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 0.81 (24H, d, J=6.9 Hz,8×CH3), 3.04 (4H, m, 4×CH), 3.87 (O—CH3), 6.79 (4H, s, 4×Hm-Ar), 8.14(2H, s, 2×HC═N). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 23.3 (8×CH3), 28.1 (4×CH),55.1 (2×O—CH3), 108.6 (4×CHm-Ar), 138.6 (4×CIVo-Ar), 141.6 (2×N—CIVAr),157.2 (2×O—CIVAr), 163.5 (2×HC═N). HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [MH]+437.3158, calcd for C28H41O2N2 437.3163.

B—N,N′-Bis-(4-methoxy-2,6-diisopropylphenylamino)ethane (B). A solutionof diimine A (11.5 g, 26.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (200 mL)was cooled to −20° C. and treated with LiAlH4 (2.4 M in THF, 44.0 mL,106 mmol, 4.0 equiv). Upon addition of LiAlH4, the yellow solutionrapidly turned very dark purple and important bubbling was observed.After 15 min at −20° C., the colour of the reaction changed back toclear orange and the reaction was allowed to stir for 45 min at roomtemperature. The reaction was then cooled to 0° C., diluted with diethylether (200 mL), and carefully quenched with water (5.0 mL). Afterstirring for 10 min, a 15% aqueous solution of NaOH (5.0 mL) was added,followed by water (12 mL). The suspension was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and was stirred for 15 min before anhydrous magnesiumsulfate was added until a fine solid was obtained. The solids werediscarded by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vaccuoaffording a clear orange and very viscous oil (11.80 g) in excellentpurity. However, the oil was preferably purified by flash columnchromatography (silica, 10-20% diethyl ether in pentane) to provide thepure desired diamine 25 as an orange viscous oil (11.35 g, 98%). 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.26 (24H, d, J=6.9 Hz, 4×CH3), 3.08 (6H, vbs,2×CH2+2×NH), 3.40 (4H, m, 4×CH), 3.82 (6H, m, 2×OCH3), 6.68 (4H, s,4×Hm-Ar). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 24.2 (8×CH3), 27.9 (4×CH), 52.6(2×CH2), 55.2 (2×OCH3), 108.9 (4×CHm-Ar), 136.4 (2×O—CIVp-Ar), 144.6(4×CIVo-Ar), 156.2 (2×N—CIVAr). HRMS (NSI+). found m/z [M+H]+441.3470,calcd for C28H45O2N2 441.3476.

C—1,3-Bis-(4-methoxy-2,4-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride(SIPrOMe.HCl). A solution of diamine B (7.35 g, 16.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) intriethyl orthoformate (60 mL) was heated to 120° C. and treated with therapid addition of HCl (4.0 M in dioxane, 5.0 mL, 1.2 equiv). Uponaddition of the HCl, the clear solution immediately turned into a whitesuspension and the stirring was continued for 10 min at 120° C. Thereaction was cooled to room temperature and was diluted with pentane (60mL). The white solid was isolated by filtration and washed with pentane(3×60 mL). After drying under high vacuum, the desired imidazoliniumchloride C was obtained as a bright white powder (7.80 g, 96%). 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 1.14 (12H, d, J=6.9 Hz, 4×CH3), 1.25 (12H, d, J=6.9Hz, 4×CH3), 2.84 (4H, m, 4×CH), 3.74 (6H, m, 2×OCH3), 4.58 (4H, s,2×N—CH2), 6.62 (4H, s, 4×Hm-Ar), 8.64 (1H, s, N═CH—N). 13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3) δ 23.3 (4×CH3), 25.1 (4×CH3), 29.1 (4×CH), 55.2 (2×OCH3), 109.8(4×CHm-Ar), 121.9 (2×CHp-Ar), 147.4 (4×CIVo-Ar), 159.4 (N—CH—N), 161.1(2×N—CIVAr). Anal. Calcd for C29H43ClN2O2: C, 71.51; H, 8.90; N, 5.75.Found: C, 71.40; H, 9.01; N, 5.85.

Procedure for the Preparation of Palladium Complexes Synthesis of[Pd(IPent)(acac)Cl]

In a Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were addedIPent.HCl (IIIa) (215 mg, 0.4 mmole) and Pd(acac)₂ (91 mg, 0.4 mmole) indry 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reactionmixture was heated under reflux for 24 h. After this time, the dioxanewas evaporated and the crude product dissolved in pentane.

The solution was filtered on a pad of silica covered with Celite and theproduct eluted with pentane. After evaporation of the solvent and dryingunder high vacuum, the desired complex was obtained as a yellow powder(183 mg, 82%).

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ=7.39 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=8 Hz, 4H),7.04 (s, 2H), 5.00 (s, 1H), 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.15 (m, 4H), 1.73 (s, 3H),1.53 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.38 (m, 12H), 0.96 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 12H), 0.74 (t,J=7.4, 12H). Anal. Calcd for C40H59ClN2O2Pd: C, 64.77; H, 8.02; N, 3.78.Found: C, 64.86; H, 8.15; N, 3.82.

Procedure for the Synthesis of [Pd(IHept)(acac)Cl]

In a Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were addedIHept.HCl (IIIb)(260 mg, 0.4 mmole) and Pd(acac)2 (91 mg, 0.30 mmole) indry 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reactionmixture was heated under reflux during 24 h. After this time, thedioxane was evaporated and the crude product dissolved in Et₂O.

The solution was filtered on a pad of silica covered with Celite and theproduct eluted with Et2O. After evaporation of the solvent and dryingunder high vacuum, the desired complex was obtained as a yellow powder(219 mg, 87%).

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=7.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (d, 7.8 Hz, 4H),7.02 (s, 2H), 4.98 (s, 1H), 2.82 (m, 4H), 2.17 (m, 4H), 1.77 (s, 3H),1.40 (s, 3H), 1.73-1.25 (m, 20H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 8H), 0.80 (t, J=7.1 Hz,24H). 13C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 186.36, 184.05, 154.47, 144.77, 136.98,129.32 125.25, 99.94, 67.51, 39.99, 39.94, 39.74, 39.06, 26.86, 25.99,21.95, 21.73, 21.22, 15.14. Anal. Calcd for C48H75ClN2O2Pd: C, 67.51; H,8.85; N, 3.28. Found: C, 67.39; H, 8.77; N, 3.39.

Procedure for the Synthesis of [Pd(INon)(acac)Cl]

A similar procedure was employed to those discussed above for the IHeptand IPent complexes.

Anal. Calcd for C56H91ClN2O2Pd: C, 69.61; H, 9.49; N, 2.90. Found: C,69.67; H, 9.62; N, 3.01.

Procedure for the Synthesis of [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl]

In a Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were addedIPentOMe.HCl (223 mg, 0.37 mmole) and Pd(acac)2 (85 mg, 0.28 mmole) indry 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen.

The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 24 h. After this time,the dioxane was evaporated and the crude product dissolved in pentane.The solution was filtered on a pad of silica covered with Celite and theproduct eluted with pentane. After evaporation of the solvent and dryingunder high vacuum, the desired complex was obtained as a yellow powder(152 mg, 68%). Higher yield can be obtained on heating the reactionmixture for longer e.g. 82% after using a heating time of 40 h.

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ=7.01 (s, 2H), 6.73 (s, 4H), 5.04 (s, 1H),3.86 (s, 2.66 (m, 4H), 2.11 (m, 4H), 1.78 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 3H),1.75-1.40 (m, 12H), 0.97 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 12H), 0.75 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 12H).13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 186.57, 184.07, 159.89, 155.21, 145.94, 130.63,125.68, 110.79, 100.17, 55.67, 41.93, 28.93, 27.85, 27.13, 26.42, 12.81,11.93. Anal. Calcd for C42H63ClN2O4Pd: C, 62.91; H, 7.92; N, 3.49.Found: C, 62.84; H, 8.03; N, 3.53.

Procedure for the Synthesis of [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl]

In a Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were addedIHeptOMe.HCl (193 mg, 0.27 mmole) and Pd(acac)2 (62 mg, 0.2 mmole) indry 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen.

The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 24 h. After this time,the dioxane was evaporated and the crude product dissolved in pentane.The solution was filtered on a pad of silica covered with Celite and theproduct eluted with pentane. After evaporation of the solvent and dryingunder high vacuum, the desired complex was obtained as a yellow powder(150 mg, 82%). A higher yield (87%) was obtained after using a heatingtime of 40 h.

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ=6.96 (s, 2H), 6.70 (s, 4H), 4.99 (s, 1H),3.84 (s, 3H), 2.76 (m, 4H), 2.10 (m, 4H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H),1.68-1.04 (m, 20H), 0.79 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 24H). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz):186.36, 184.02, 178.93, 159.89, 154.88, 146.33, 130.42, 125.44, 110.49,99.97, 55.68, 40.05, 28.92, 26.89, 26.13, 21.67, 21.17, 15.15. Anal.Calcd for C50H79ClN2O4Pd: C, 65.70; H, 8.71; Cl, N, 3.06. Found: C,65.64; H, 8.80; N, 3.15.

Procedure for the Synthesis of [Pd(INon-OMe)(acac)Cl]

In a Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were addedINonOMe.HCl (221 mg, 0.27 mmole) and Pd(acac)2 (62 mg, 0.2 mmole) in dry1,4-dioxane (5 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction mixturewas heated under reflux for 24 h. After this time, the dioxane wasevaporated and the crude product dissolved in pentane.

The solution was filtered on a pad of silica covered with Celite and theproduct was eluted with pentane. After evaporation of the solvent anddrying under high vacuum, the desired complex was obtained as a yellowpowder (160 mg, 78%). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 186.36, 183.83, 159.88,154.87, 146.39, 130.45, 125.36, 110.47, 100.11, 59.69, 40.10, 37.45,36.42, 30.88, 30.22, 27.02, 26.24, 23.94, 23.70, 14.59, 14.48. Anal.Calcd for C58H95ClN2O4Pd: C, 67.88; H, 9.33; N, 2.73. Found: C, 67.72;H, 9.46; N, 2.88.

Exemplary Reactions of [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl], [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl]and [Pd(INon-OMe)(acac)Cl] Example 1 Amination with 4-fluoroanisole

Entry Catalyst. Solvent Base Conv.^(b) 1 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] TolueneKO^(t)Bu 91 2 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] Toluene KO^(t)Am 100 3[Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] Toluene LiHMDS 85 4 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl]1,4-dioxane KO^(t)Bu 48 5 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] 1,4-dioxane KO^(t)Am35 6 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] 1,4-dioxane LiHMDS 18 7[Pd(IPent-OPAe)(acac)Cl] DME KO^(t)Bu 40 8 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] DMEKO^(t)Am 37 9 [Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] DME LiHMDS 21 10[Pd(IPent-OMe)(acac)Cl] DMF KO^(t)Am 23 11 [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl]Toluene KO^(t)Am 100 12 [Pd(INon-OMe)(acac)Cl] Toluene KO^(t)Am 100

Reagents and conditions: 4-chloroanisole (0.5 mmol), 4-fluoroaniline(0.55 mmol), base (0.55 mmol), solvent (1.0 mL), catalyst (0.25 mol %).^(b)Conversion to coupling product based on starting aryl chloride byGC, average of three runs. DME; dimethoxyethane.

As can be seen from the above table more polar solvents such as DMEtended to give poorer results whilst the combination of toluene assolvent and KO^(t)Am as base can give 100% conversion.

Example 2

Amination with 4-fluoroaniline (entry 1, table below) and3-trifluoromethylaniline (entry 2) at reduced catalyst loading.

4-Chloroanisole was reacted with the aniline using palladium catalystswith ITent or ITent-OMe as NHC ligands.

The results show that in each case the catalyst with the ITent-OMeligand produced higher yields than the corresponding catalyst withoutthe —OMe ligand. As the gain in activity is general with all of theITent-OMe series, these results indicate the positive effect of themethoxy group. As the methoxy substituent resides away from thecoordination sphere of the metal, the stronger σ-donor properties ofITent-OMe ligand compared with ITent ligands could explain thedifference in the catalytic activity observed. This extra σ-donation mayoffer a greater stabilization of the Pd⁰-NHC complex.[Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl] combines the presence of the methoxy group andthe optimal length of alkyl chain for C—N bond formation in theseexperiments.

GC conver- NHC sions Entry Product ligand (%)^(d) 1^(b)

IPent IPent-OMe IHept IHept-OMe INon INon-OMe 58 70 82 98 76 86 2^(c)

IPent IPent-OMe IHept IHept-OMe INon INon-OMe 41 53 68 85 64 76

^(a)Reagents and conditions: ArCl (0.5 mmol), Ar′NH₂ (0.55 mmol),KO^(t)Am (0.55 mmol), toluene (1.0 mL). b 0.05 mol % Pd catalyst, 80°C., 3 h; c 0.1 mol % Pd catalyst, 110° C., 6 h. ^(d)Conversion tocoupling product based on starting aryl chloride by GC, average of threeruns.

Example 3 Scope of the Buchwald-Hartwig Arylamination with[Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl]

Catalyst Entry ArCl Product (%) Yield 1

0.05 95 2

0.05 91 3

0.05 96 4

0.1 92 5

0.1 87 6

0.1 79 7

0.1 74 8

0.2 91 9

0.2 88 10

0.2 90 11

0.2 83 ^(a)Reagents and conditions: ArCl (0.5 mmol), Ar′NH₂ (0.55 mmol),KO^(t)Am (0.55 mmol), [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl] (x mol %), toluene (1.0mL), 80° C., 3 h. ^(b)Isolated yields after chromatography on silicagel, average of two runs. ^(c)110° C., 6 h.

The system, shown in the table above, displays excellent catalyticactivity for the coupling of various substrates. Good yields areobtained with electron-poor anilines and electron-rich aryl chlorides,which are challenging coupling partners (entries 1-4 and 8-10). Thesystem appears unaffected by the presence of substituents in theortho-position of the aryl chlorides: couplings of 2-chloroanisole and4-chloroanisole with 4-fluoroaniline gave very similar results (Entries1 and 3). Similar results are observed for the coupling of2-chloroanisole or 4-chloroanisole with 3-trifluoromethylaniline(Entries 8 and 9). Moreover, very good yields were obtained withsterically hindered substrates (Entries 4, 6 and 11). The increasedconformational flexibility of IHept-OMe may allow it to betteraccommodate sterically hindered substrates in the coordination sphere ofthe metal center. Finally, various anilines were successfully coupledwith deactivated 1,3-dimethoxychlorobenzene (entries 5, 6 and 9) and,for the first time, with very deactivated 1,3,5-trimethoxychlorobenzeneat low catalyst loading (entry 10), attesting to the high reactivity of[Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl].

Example 4

The efficiency of catalyst, [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl] with morenucleophilic amines was also tested.

Non-activated aryl chlorides were successfully coupled withN-methylaniline at low catalyst loadings (as low as 50 ppm of[Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl]); remarkable catalyst productivity-turnovernumber [TON] up to 18,000 or more, was observed (Entries 2 and 3 in thetable below). These results are comparable with results obtained withthe most efficient Pd/phosphine systems for similar substrates.

[Pd(IHept- OMe) (acac)Cl] Yield Entry Product (ppm) (%)^(b) TON 1

0 (control) 0 2

50 91 18200 3

50 93 18600 4

100 84 8400 5

200 83 4150 ^(a)Reagents and conditions: ArCl (0.5 mmol), Ar′NH₂ (0.55mmol), KO^(t)Am (0.55 mmol), [Pd(IHept-OMe)(acac)Cl] (x ppm), toluene(1.0 mL), 110° C. ^(b)Isolated yields after chromatography on silicagel, average of two runs.

Preparation of [Pd(NHC)(cinnamyl)Cl]: General Procedure

In a glovebox (under a nitrogen atmosphere), in a round bottom flaskequipped with a magnetic stirring bar were added the NHC.HCl imidazoliumsalt precursor (2.2 eq) and KO^(t)Bu (2.4 eq) in THF. In these examplesIPent.HCl, IHept.HCl and INon.HCl were employed.

The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then[Pd(cinnamyl)(μ-Cl)]₂ (1 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was thenstirred overnight at room temperature.

After this time, outside the glovebox, the THF was evaporated and thecrude product was dissolved in DCM, filtered on a pad of celite andeluted with DCM. After evaporation of the solvent, the complex wasdissolved in pentane and passed through a frit (sintered glass filter).The pentane was evaporated and after drying under high vacuum, the purecomplex was obtained.

[Pd(IPent)(cinnamyl)Cl]: The general procedure starting from 0.425 mmolof [Pd(cinnamyl)(μ-Cl)]₂ yielded the complex as a yellow powder (600 mg,93%).

The pentane was evaporated rapidly using a Schlenk line, yielding thecomplex as a foam which was crumbled to a powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆): δ 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H, H_(Ar)), 7.19 (t, J=7.7 Hz,2H, H_(Ar)), 7.04 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 4H, H_(Ar)), 7.04-6.93 (m, 3H, H_(Ar)),6.63 (s, 2H, H_(lm)), 5.23 (dt, J=12.8 Hz; J′=9.3 Hz, 1H, H_(cin)), 4.54(d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H, H_(cin)), 2.89-2.50 (m, br, 5H, CH+H_(cin)),2.23-2.06 (m, br, 4H, CH₂), 1.82-1.36 (m, br, 13H, CH₂+H_(cin)),1.23-1.03 (m, br, 12H, CH₃), 0.76 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 12H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100MHz, CD₂Cl₂): δ 182.1 (NCN), 144.5 (br, C_(Ar)), 138.4 (C_(Ar)), 138.2(C_(Ar)), 129.1 (CH_(Ar)), 128.5 (CH_(Ar)), 127.6 (CH_(Ar)), 126.9(CH_(Ar)), 125.3 (br, CH_(Ar)), 124.9 (CH_(lm)), 108.5 (C_(cin)), 90.5(C_(cin)), 46.5 (C_(cin)), 42.1 (CH), 28.3 (CH₂), 27.9 (CH₂), 13.1(CH₃), 11.5 (br, CH₃). Anal. Calcd. for C₄₄H₆₁ClN₂Pd: C, 69.55; H, 8.09;N, 3.69. Found: C, 69.52; H, 8.03; N, 3.75.

[Pd(IHept)(cinnamyl)Cl]:

The general procedure starting from 0.35 mmol of [Pd(cinnamyl)(μ-Cl)]₂yielded the complex as an orange powder (605 mg, 99%).

The pentane was evaporated rapidly using a Schlenk line, yielding thecomplex as a foam which was crumbled to a powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆): δ 7.38-7.34 (m, 2H, H_(Ar)), 7.23 (t, J=7.9 Hz,2H, H_(Ar)), 7.10 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 4H, H_(Ar)), 7.05-7.00 (m, 2H, H_(Ar)),6.98-6.94 (m, 1H, H_(Ar)), 6.83 (s, 2H, H_(lm)), 5.26 (dt, J=12.9 Hz;J′=9.2 Hz, 1H, H_(cin)), 4.64 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H, H_(Cin)), 2.93-2.66 (m,br, 5H, CH+H_(Cin)), 2.18-2.05 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.78-1.34 (m, 21H,CH₂+H_(Cin))^(,) 1.25-1.11 (m, 8H, CH₂), 1.11-0.94 (m, 12H, CH₃), 0.82(t, J=7.2 Hz, 12H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₂Cl₂): δ 181.8 (NON), 145.1(br, C_(Ar)), 138.5 (C_(Ar)), 137.8 (C_(Ar)), 129.2 (CH_(Ar)), 128.5(CH_(Ar)), 127.7 (CH_(Ar)), 126.9 (CH_(Ar)), 125.2 (br, CH_(Ar)), 124.9(CH_(lm)), 108.5 (C_(cin)), 91.1 (C_(cin)), 46.0 (C_(cin)), 39.7 (CH),39.5 (CH₂), 38.4 (CH₂), 22.0 (CH₂), 20.9 (CH₂), 14.9 (CH₃), 14.8 (CH₃).Anal. Calcd. for C₅₂H₇₇ClN₂Pd: C, 71.62; H, 8.90; N, 3.21. Found: C,71.75; H, 8.84; N, 3.18.

[Pd(INon)(cinnamyl)Cl]:

The general procedure starting from 0.113 mmol of [Pd(cinnamyl)(μ-Cl)]₂yielded the complex as a yellow/green powder (200 mg, 90%).

After evaporation of the pentane, the complex remained an oil. Itsolidified slowly after a few weeks storage inside a glovebox (under anN₂ atmosphere).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆): δ 7.40-7.36 (m, 2H, H_(Ar)), 7.25 (t, J=7.7 Hz,2H, H_(Ar)), 7.13 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 4H, H_(Ar)), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H, H_(Ar)),7.00 (s, 2H, H_(lm)), 6.98-6.94 (m, 1H, H_(Ar)), 5.28 (dt, J=12.9 Hz;J′=9.3 Hz, 1H, H_(cin)), 4.68 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H, 2.99-2.71 (m, br, 5H,CH+H_(Cin)), 2.24-2.10 (m, br, 4H, CH₂), 1.89-1.34 (m, 29H,CH₂₊H_(Cin)), 1.28-1.15 (m, 16H, CH₂), 1.09-0.97 (m, 12H, CH₃),0.89-0.82 (m, 12H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₂Cl₂): δ 181.9 (NCN), 145.2(br, C_(Ar)), 138.6 (C_(Ar)), 137.7 (C_(Ar)), 129.2 (CH_(Ar)), 128.5(CH_(Ar)), 127.7 (CH_(Ar)), 126.9 (CH_(Ar)), 125.2 (br, CH_(Ar)), 124.9(CH_(lm)), 108.7 (C_(cin)), 91.0 (C_(cin)), 46.0 (C_(cin)), 39.8 (CH),36.9 (CH₂), 35.9 (CH₂), 31.3 (br, CH₂), 29.9 (br, CH₂), 23.9 (CH₂), 23.7(CH₂), 14.5 (CH₃), 14.2 (CH₃). Anal. Calcd. for C₆₀H₉₃ClN₂Pd: C, 73.22;H, 9.52; N, 2.85. Found: C, 73.40; H, 9.69; N, 2.84.

REFERENCES

-   1. Huang, J.; Nolan, S. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9889-9890.-   2. Steele, B. R.; Georgakopoulos, S.; Micha-Screttas, M.;    Screttas, C. G., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2007, 19, 3091-3094.-   3. a) Organ, M. G.;    alimsiz, S.; Sayah, M.; Hoi, K. H.; Lough, A. J. Angew. Chem., 2009,    121, 2419-2423; b) Organ, M. G.;    alimsiz, S.; Sayah, M. Mallik, D., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49,    2014-2017; c) Organ, M. G.; Dowlut, M., Mallik, D. Eur. J. Chem.,    2010, 16, 4279-4283; d) Organ, M. G.;    alimsiz, S., Chem. Commum., 2011, 47, 5181-5183; e) Sayah, M.;    Organ, M. G., Eur. J. Chem., 2011, 17, 11719-11722; f) Hoi, K. H.;    alimsiz, S.; Froese, R. D. J.; Hopkinson, A. C.; Organ, M. G.,    Eur. J. Chem., 2011, 17, 3086-3090; g) Valente, C.;    alimsiz, S.; Hoi, K. H.; Mallik, D.; Sayah, M.; Organ, M. G., Angew.    Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 3314-3332; h) Hoi, K. H.;    alimsiz, S.; Froese, R. D. J.; Hopkinson, A. C.; Organ, M. G.,    Eur. J. Chem., 2012, 18, 145-151; i) Valente, C.; Belowich, M. E.;    Hadei, N.; Organ, M. G., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2010, 23, 4343-4354; j)    Hoi, K. H.; Organ, M. G., Eur. J. Chem., 2012, 18, 804-807; k)    McCann, L. C.; Hunter, H. N.; Clyburne, J. A. C.; Organ, M. G.,    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51(28), 7024-7027.

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A method of preparing a 2,6 disubstituted aniline,the method comprising: reacting a 2-amino isophthalic acid diester withsufficient Grignard reagent R²CH₂MgX to form the corresponding diolproduct, wherein X is chloride, bromide or iodide, and R² is selectedfrom H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;dehydrating the diol product to the corresponding dialkene; andhydrogenating the dialkene product to form the corresponding aniline.32. The method of claim 31 wherein the 2-amino isophthalic acid diesterhas H in the meta and para positions to provide an aniline of generalformula I, wherein the groups Z₁, Z₂, and Z₃ are H:


33. The method of claim 32 further comprising substitution of one ormore of the H groups Z₁, Z₂, and Z₃ with a substituent independentlyselected from the group consisting of: —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂;wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that maybe unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.34. The method of claim 33 wherein Z₁, and Z₃ are H and Z₂ is selectedfrom the group consisting of: —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂.
 35. Themethod according to claim 31, wherein the 2-amino isophthalic aciddiester is of formula X:

wherein each group R¹ is independently selected from the group alkyl,benzyl and substituted benzyl.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the2-amino isophthalic acid diester has a substituent Z provided in one ormore of the positions meta or para to the amino group; wherein each Z isindependently selected from the group consisting of: —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶and —NR⁷ ₂, wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substitutedalkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl andsubstituted aralkyl.
 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the 2-aminoisophthalic acid diester is of general formula Xa:

wherein each group Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of —H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵—R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂, wherein each groupR⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of:alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that may beunsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.38. The method of claim 31, wherein the dehydration of the diol productis by use of sulfuric acid.
 39. The method of claim 31, wherein thehydrogenation of the dialkene is by H₂ in the presence of a catalyst.40. The method of claim 31, further comprising preparation of the2-amino isophthalic acid diester by: the bis-oxidation of2-nitro-m-xylene to 2-nitroisophthalic acid; the conversion of2-nitroisophthalic acid to a corresponding nitro diester; and thereduction of the nitro diester to the 2-amino isophthalic acid diester.41. The method of claim 40 wherein the the bis-oxidation of2-nitro-m-xylene to 2-nitroisophthalic acid is by means of alkalinepotassium permanganate.
 42. The method of claim 40, wherein thereduction of the nitro diester to the 2-amino isophthalic acid diesteris by H₂ in the presence of a catalyst.
 43. The method of claim 31,wherein R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl and n-propyl.
 44. A methodof preparing an N-heterocyclic carbene, the method comprising: reactingan aniline of general formula I:

wherein each group R² is the same; and is selected from H, methyl,ethyl, n propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is an alkyl that may be substituted; oreach of R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may besubstituted; and each group Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ is independently selected fromthe group consisting of —H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵—R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂, wherein eachgroup R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the group consistingof alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that may beunsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl;with glyoxal to form a diimine of general formula II;

cyclizing the diimine of structure II with paraformaldehyde to form animidazolium salt of structure III;

wherein X⁻ is an anion; and reacting the imidazolium salt of structureIll with a base to form the N-heterocyclic carbene.
 45. The method ofclaim 44 wherein the groups Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ are H.
 46. The method of claim44 wherein the groups Z₁ and Z₃ are H and the group Z₂ is selected frommethyl, methoxy and —NMe₂.
 47. A diol of formula XIa:

wherein each group R² is the same and is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently, H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and NR⁷ ₂,where each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that maybe unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.48. The diol of claim 47 wherein the groups Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ are H.
 49. Thediol of claim 47, wherein R² is selected from H, methyl, ethyl andn-propyl.
 50. A dialkene of formula XV:

wherein each group R² is the same and is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently, H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and NR⁷ ₂,where each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that maybe unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.51. The dialkene of claim 50 wherein the stereochemistry about thealkene double bonds is as in formula XV(E2):


52. The dialkene of claim 50, wherein the groups Z₁, Z₂ and Z₃ are H.53. The dialkene of claim 50, wherein R² is selected from H, methyl,ethyl and n-propyl.
 54. A method of preparing an N-Heterocyclic Carbene,the method comprising: reacting an aniline of general formula XV:

wherein each group R² is the same and is selected from H, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently, H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and NR⁷ ₂,where each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that maybe unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl;with glyoxal to form a diimine of general formula XVI;

cyclizing the diimine of structure XVI with paraformaldehyde, to form animidazolium salt of structure XVII;

wherein X⁻ is an anion; and reacting the imidazolium salt of structureXVI with a base to form the corresponding N-Heterocyclic Carbene.
 55. Ananiline of formula VII or formula VIII:


56. An imidazolium salt of structure III;

wherein X⁻ is an anion, each R² is the same and selected from ethyl andn-propyl; and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₃ is a substituent independently selectedfrom the group consisting of: —H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂;wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of: alkyl that may be unsaturated, substituted alkyl that maybe unsaturated, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.57. The imidazolium salt of claim 56 wherein the groups Z₁ and Z₃ are Hand the group Z₂ is selected from methyl, methoxy and —NMe₂.
 58. Animidazolium salt of structure XVII:

wherein X⁻ is an anion, the groups R² are the same and selected from H,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of:—H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂; wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ isindependently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl that may beunsaturated, substituted alkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl,substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.
 59. A method ofpreparing an N-heterocyclic carbene, the method comprising: reducing adiimine of general formula II or general formula XVI;

to the corresponding diamine; wherein the groups R² are the same andselected from H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of:—H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂; wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ isindependently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl that may beunsaturated, substituted alkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl,substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl; cyclizing the diamineto a corresponding dihydrodiazolinium salt XX or XXa using a one carbonsource;

wherein X⁻ is an anion; and reacting the dihydrodiazolinium salt with abase to form the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbene.
 60. A metalcomplex comprising an N-heterocyclic carbene prepared from animidazolium salt, of structure III or XX;

wherein X⁻ is a halogen anion, each R² is the same and selected fromethyl and n-propyl; X⁻ is a halogen anion; and Z₁, Z₂, and Z₃ is asubstituent independently selected from the group consisting of: —H, —I,—CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂; wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ isindependently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl that may beunsaturated, substituted alkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl,substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl; or from animidazolium salt of structure XVII or XXa:

wherein X⁻ is an anion, the groups R² are the same and selected from H,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and

wherein either R³ is H and R⁴ is alkyl that may be substituted, or eachof R³, R⁴ are an independently selected alkyl that may be substituted;and Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of:—H, —I, —CF₃, —OR⁵, —R⁶ and —NR⁷ ₂; wherein each group R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ isindependently selected from the group consisting of: alkyl that may beunsaturated, substituted alkyl that may be unsaturated, aryl,substituted aryl, aralkyl and substituted aralkyl.